![]() ![]() ![]() From this point of view, the simple combination of factors for CPR governance remains a major gap that obscures the in-depth understanding of complex CPR systems ( Ostrom et al., 2007). Likewise, apparent patterns and conclusions at one scale of analysis may not hold at other wider or smaller scales of analysis ( Gibson et al., 2000). These institutions and organizations are also subject to the different and broader political frameworks and cultural backgrounds in which the irrigation system is located. ![]() For instance, groundwater and surface water irrigation systems may involve different institutions and organizations. However, this attempt cannot capture the specific contextual variables that change significantly across the type and scale of a specific CPR system. This attempts to investigate the context by examining the effects of DPs in CPR systems with different biophysical traits (e.g., natural infrastructure mobility and hard, man-made infrastructure intensity). ( 2016) reviewed the configuration of DPs embedded in three types of CPR systems, namely irrigation, fisheries, and forest systems. Following this line of inquiry, Baggio et al. It is thus reasonable to argue that complex interactions among variables of different dimensions account for most of the governance performance of CPRs ( Partelow, 2018). Young ( 2002) argued that the capacity and effectiveness of institutional arrangements to solve problems are relied on the degree to which they fit with the biophysical contexts of the CPR systems. For instance, the congruence between appropriation and provision rules and the attributes of resource systems is one of Ostrom’s ( 1990) DPs. Scholars have emphasized the significance of the interactions between institutions and local contexts. Institutional variables per se are insufficient to explain specific CPR governance performance and the effects of institutional configurations such as DPs cannot be isolated from local contexts ( Araral, 2014 Baggio et al., 2016). ![]() Overreliance on the diagnostic approach may result in falling into the “panacea trap” with romanticized imaginations of the real-world complexity ( Anderies et al., 2007 Ostrom, 2007). In other words, it is an extremely costly task to exhaust all the combinations of multiple conditions under which CPRs are governed sustainably ( Agrawal, 2001). Moreover, the diagnostic approach often adopted by institutional scholars may overestimate the possibility of finding normative institutional solutions to reach desirable outcomes and oversimplify the combinations of different conditions in complex CPRs, especially between institutions and the contexts in which they operate. Empirical evidence suggests that simple linear and reductionist dynamics of single variables may misrepresent how a complex CPR system works ( Levin et al., 2013). Institutional dynamics and self-governance regimes, signified in seminal work by Ostrom ( 1990) on institutional design principles (DPs) and the Institutional Analysis and Development framework, have been mainstreamed in a large volume of literature on CPR governance ( Agrawal & Yadama, 1997 Cox et al., 2010 Ostrom, 1992 Ostrom & Gardner, 1993 Tang, 1991).Īlthough scholars have identified many institutional and social-ecological variables related to the performance of CPR governance through rigorous empirical studies ( Agrawal, 2001 Agrawal & Benson, 2011 Pagdee et al., 2006), the findings on conditions for successful performance are challenged by the complexity of CPRs as well as the diversity of local contexts. Conditions for successful governance of common-pool resources (CPRs), such as irrigation, forest, and fishery systems, have received much academic attention since the 1980s ( Baland & Platteau, 1996 Ostrom, 1990 Wade, 1988). ![]()
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